B&o App For Mac

Автор:
B
Designed byKen Thompson
DeveloperKen Thompson, Dennis Ritchie
First appeared1969; 51 years ago[1]
Typing disciplinetypeless (everything is a word)
Filename extensions.b
Influenced by
BCPL, PL/I, TMG
Influenced
C

B is a programming language developed at Bell Labs circa 1969. It is the work of Ken Thompson with Dennis Ritchie.

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B was derived from BCPL, and its name may be a contraction of BCPL. Thompson's coworker Dennis Ritchie speculated that the name might be based on Bon, an earlier, but unrelated, programming language that Thompson designed for use on Multics.[note 1]

B was designed for recursive, non-numeric, machine-independent applications, such as system and language software.[3] It was a typeless language, with the only data type being the underlying machine's natural memory word format, whatever that might be. Depending on the context, the word was treated either as an integer or a memory address.

As machines with ASCII processing became common, notably the DEC PDP-11 that arrived at Bell, support for character data stuffed in memory words became important. The typeless nature of the language was seen as a disadvantage, which led Thompson and Ritchie to develop an expanded version of the language supporting new internal and user-defined types, which became the C programming language.

History[edit]

Circa 1969, Ken Thompson[2] and later Dennis Ritchie[3] developed B basing it mainly on the BCPL language Thompson used in the Multics project. B was essentially the BCPL system stripped of any component Thompson felt he could do without in order to make it fit within the memory capacity of the minicomputers of the time. The BCPL to B transition also included changes made to suit Thompson's preferences (mostly along the lines of reducing the number of non-whitespace characters in a typical program).[2] Much of the typical ALGOL-like syntax of BCPL was rather heavily changed in this process. The assignment operator := reverted to the = of Rutishauser's Superplan (the source of ALGOL 58's :=), and the equality operator = was replaced by .

Thompson added 'two-address assignment operators' using x =+ y syntax to add y to x (in C the operator is written +=). This syntax came from Douglas McIlroy's implementation of TMG, in which B's compiler was first implemented (and it came to TMG from ALGOL 68's x +:= y syntax).[2][4] Thompson went further by inventing the increment and decrement operators (++ and --). Their prefix or postfix position determines whether the value is taken before or after alteration of the operand. This innovation was not in the earliest versions of B. According to Dennis Ritchie, people often assumed that they were created for the auto-increment and auto-decrement address modes of the DECPDP-11, but this is historically impossible as the machine didn't exist when B was first developed.[2]

B is typeless, or more precisely has one data type: the computer word. Most operators (e.g. +, -, *, /) treated this as an integer, but others treated it as a memory address to be dereferenced. In many other ways it looked a lot like an early version of C. There are a few library functions, including some that vaguely resemble functions from the standard I/O library in C.[3]

Early implementations were for the DEC PDP-7 and PDP-11 minicomputers using early Unix, and HoneywellGE 645[5] 36-bit mainframes running the operating system GCOS. The earliest PDP-7 implementations compiled to threaded code, and Ritchie wrote a compiler using TMG which produced machine code.[6][7][8] In 1970 a PDP-11 was acquired and threaded code was used for the port; an assembler, dc, and the B language itself were written in B to bootstrap the computer. An early version of yacc was produced with this PDP-11 configuration. Ritchie took over maintenance during this period.[2][8]

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The typeless nature of B made sense on the Honeywell, PDP-7 and many older computers, but was a problem on the PDP-11 because it was difficult to elegantly access the character data type that the PDP-11 and most modern computers fully support. Starting in 1971 Ritchie made changes to the language while converting its compiler to produce machine code, most notably adding data typing for variables. During 1971 and 1972 B evolved into 'New B' (NB) and then C.[2]

B is almost extinct, having been superseded by the C language.[9] However, it continues to see use on GCOS mainframes (as of 2014)[10] and on certain embedded systems (as of 2000) for a variety of reasons: limited hardware in small systems, extensive libraries, tooling, licensing cost issues, and simply being good enough for the job.[9] The highly influential AberMUD was originally written in B.

Examples[edit]

The following examples are from the Users' Reference to B by Ken Thompson:[3]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^'Its name most probably represents a contraction of BCPL, though an alternate theory holds that it derives from Bon [Thompson 69], an unrelated language created by Thompson during the Multics days. Bon in turn was named either after his wife Bonnie or (according to an encyclopedia quotation in its manual), after a religion whose rituals involve the murmuring of magic formulas.'[2]

References[edit]

  1. ^'B - computer programming language'.
  2. ^ abcdefgRitchie, Dennis M. (March 1993). 'The Development of the C Language'. ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 28 (3): 201–208. doi:10.1145/155360.155580.
  3. ^ abcdThompson, Ken (7 January 1972). 'Users' Reference to B'(PDF). Bell Laboratories. Archived from the original(PDF) on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  4. ^Michael S. Mahoney (18 August 1989). 'Interview with M.D. McIlroy'. Princeton.edu. Murray Hill.
  5. ^Ritchie, Dennis M. (1984). 'The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System'. AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal. 63 (6 Part 2): 1577–1593. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015.
  6. ^'TMG'. multicians.org.
  7. ^Ritchie, Dennis M.'The Development of the C Language'. Bell Labs/Lucent Technologies. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015.
  8. ^ abMcIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986(PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
  9. ^ abJohnson and Kernighan. 'THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE B'. Bell Laboratories. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  10. ^'Thinkage UW Tools Package'. Thinkage, Ltd. Retrieved 26 March 2014.

External links[edit]

  • The Development of the C Language, Dennis M. Ritchie. Puts B in the context of BCPL and C.
  • Users' Reference to B, Ken Thompson. Describes the PDP-11 version.
  • The Programming Language B, S. C. Johnson & B. W. Kernighan, Technical Report CS TR 8, Bell Labs (January 1973). The GCOS version on Honeywell equipment.
  • B Language Reference Manual, Thinkage Ltd. The production version of the language as used on GCOS, including language and runtime library.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B_(programming_language)&oldid=940745169'

Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.

B 1

2. The symbol for magnetic flux density.

B 2

abbr.
2. Baseball base
4. billion

b 1

or B(bē)n.pl.b's or B's also bs or Bs
1. The second letter of the modern English alphabet.
2. Any of the speech sounds represented by the letter b.
4. Something shaped like the letter B.
5. B The second best or second highest in quality or rank: a mark of B on an English theme.
6. Music
a. The seventh tone in the scale of C major or the second tone in the relative minor scale.
c. A written or printed note representing this tone.
d. A string, key, or pipe tuned to the pitch of this tone.
7. B One of the four major blood groups in the ABO system. Individuals with this blood group have the B antigen on the surface of their red blood cells, and the anti-A antibody in their blood serum.

b 2

abbr.
2. or B bel
4. breadth

b

(biː) or

B

n, plb's, B'sorBs
1. the second letter and first consonant of the modern English alphabet
2. (Phonetics & Phonology) a speech sound represented by this letter, usually a voiced bilabial stop, as in bell
3. Also: beta the second in a series, esp the second highest grade in an examination

b

symbol for

B

symbol for1. (Music, other) music
a. a note having a frequency of 493.88 hertz (B above middle C) or this value multiplied or divided by any power of 2; the seventh note of the scale of C major
c. the major or minor key having this note as its tonic
2. the supporting or less important of two things: the B side of a record.
3. (Physiology) a human blood type of the ABO group, containing the B antigen
5. (Mathematics) the number 11 in hexadecimal notation
7. (General Physics) magnetic flux density
9. (on Brit pencils, signifying degree of softness of lead) black: B; 2B; 3B. Compare H5
11. (Nuclear Physics) physics baryon number
13. (Currencies) belga
15. (Photography) photog B-setting
16. (Sociology) App
a. a person whose job is in middle management, or who holds an intermediate administrative or professional position
b. (as modifier): a B worker. See also occupation groupings
abbreviation for
(Automotive Engineering) Belgium (international car registration)

B, b

(bi)
n., pl. BsB's, bsb's.
1. the second letter of the English alphabet, a consonant.
2. any spoken sound represented by this letter.
4. a written or printed representation of the letter B or b.

B

B


Symbol.
1. the second in order or in a series.
2. (sometimes l.c.) a grade or mark indicating that academic work, a product, etc., is good but not of the highest quality.
4.
a. the seventh tone of the ascending C major scale.
5. boron.
7. a designation for a motion picture made on a low budget.

B.

2. bacillus.
4. bay.
6. bolivar.
8. born.
10. British.
12. brotherhood.

b.

2. bale.
4. basso.
6. billion.
8. book.
10. breadth.

B-

(in designations of aircraft) bomber: B-29.

B

B

A member of the second highest grouping into which society is divided by occupation, typically a person in middle management, or in the intermediate ranks of an administrative or professional occupation.
Noun1.B - aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil
anthrax bacillus, Bacillus anthracis - a species of bacillus that causes anthrax in humans and in animals (cattle and swine and sheep and rabbits and mice and guinea pigs); can be used a bioweapon
Bacillus globigii, Bacillus subtilis, grass bacillus, hay bacillus - a species of bacillus found in soil and decomposing organic matter; some strains produce antibiotics
Yersinia pestis - a bacillus bacterium that causes the plague; aerosolized bacteria can be used as a bioweapon
eubacteria, eubacterium, true bacteria - a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile types have flagella
genus Bacillus - type genus of the Bacillaceae; includes many saprophytes important in decay of organic matter and a number of parasites
2.B - originally thought to be a single vitamin but now separated into several B vitamins
B complex, B vitamin, B-complex vitamin, vitamin B, vitamin B complex
choline - a B-complex vitamin that is a constituent of lecithin; essential in the metabolism of fat
inositol - an optically inactive alcohol that is a component of the vitamin B complex
pantothen, pantothenic acid - a vitamin of the vitamin B complex that performs an important role in the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates and certain amino acids; occurs in many foods
water-soluble vitamin - any vitamin that is soluble in water
aneurin, antiberiberi factor, thiamin, thiamine, vitamin B1 - a B vitamin that prevents beriberi; maintains appetite and growth
antipernicious anemia factor, cobalamin, cyanocobalamin, vitamin B12 - a B vitamin that is used to treat pernicious anemia
hepatoflavin, lactoflavin, ovoflavin, riboflavin, vitamin B2, vitamin G - a B vitamin that prevents skin lesions and weight loss
adermin, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, vitamin B6 - a B vitamin that is essential for metabolism of amino acids and starch
folacin, folate, folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid, pteroylmonoglutamic acid, vitamin Bc, vitamin M - a B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and reproduction
niacin, nicotinic acid - a B vitamin essential for the normal function of the nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract
biotin, vitamin H - a B vitamin that aids in body growth
3.B - a trivalent metalloid element; occurs both in a hard black crystal and in the form of a yellow or brown powder
chemical element, element - any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter
borax - an ore of boron consisting of hydrated sodium borate; used as a flux or cleansing agent
kernite - a light soft mineral consisting of hydrated sodium borate in crystalline form; an important source of boron
4.B - a logarithmic unit of sound intensity equal to 10 decibels
sound unit - any acoustic unit of measurement
5.b - (physics) a unit of nuclear cross section; the effective circular area that one particle presents to another as a target for an encounter
atomic physics, nuclear physics, nucleonics - the branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei
area unit, square measure - a system of units used to measure areas
6.b - the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet
Latin alphabet, Roman alphabet - the alphabet evolved by the ancient Romans which serves for writing most of the languages of western Europe
alphabetic character, letter of the alphabet, letter - the conventional characters of the alphabet used to represent speech; 'his grandmother taught him his letters'
7.B - the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen
blood group, blood type - human blood cells (usually just the red blood cells) that have the same antigens

B

b[biː]A.N
1. (= letter) → B f, b f
B for Bertie → B de Burgos
number 7b (in house numbers) → número 7b
2. (Mus) B → si m
B major/minor → si mayor/menor
B sharp/flat → si sostenido/bemol
B.CPDB roadN (Brit) → carreterafcomarcalorsecundaria

B

b[ˈbiː]n
(= letter) → B, b m
B for Benjamin, B for Baker (US) → B comme Berthe
(= mark) → bien, B
I got a B- → j'ai eu 14
I got a B+ → j'ai eu 16

B

, b
n → Bnt, → bnt; (Sch: as a mark) → zwei, gut; (Mus) → Hnt, → hnt; B flat → Bnt, → bnt; B sharp → Hisnt, → hisnt ?natural

b

abbr ofborn → geb.

B

b[biː]n
b. (Mus) → si m
c. (Scol) (mark) → 8 (buono)
B for Benjamin (Am) B for Baker → B come Bologna

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